The Real World
Topic: Postmodernism
I wanted to follow up on the second point I made in the last post since this is one of the main issues many take with postmodernism. Kant brought the issue of mind constructing reality to the table. The world as a "construction" isn't new with postmodernism. And clearly, the belief that mind, or society "constructs" reality doesn't necessitate everything just being one gigantic fantasy.

The heritage which gives rise to postmodernism certainly includes Edmund Husserl. Husserl doesn't see the point to epistemology, he thinks psychology is the way to go, and especially, how the mind "intentions" objects before it. His study is phenomenology. Now, in Husserl's project, this is a rigid, cold, scientific undertaking. Yet, it involves "bracketing" the real world, or refraining judgement on what "really exists" independent of the mind. This of course, led to misunderstandings by many of those who read him.

Another important continental figure who didn't see the need to make explicit a "real world" is Ferdinand Saussure. He constructed a theory of signs where there are signifiers and signifieds, the signifieds being mental imprints, but without explicating a reference to something in the "real world." Again, Saussure perceived his own research as thoroughly evidential and scientific.

It's important now to point out that "empericism," the self-described school of thought for a great many of those who condemn continental thinking in totality in fact also tends to ignore or even flat out deny a "real world." On the more extreme side is the position of instrumentalism, which basically understand the readings from instruments, any referents being purely speculative. In fact, the anti-realist attitude itself was invented by one of the great heros of those who oppose continental thinking and postmodernism, William of Ockham.

Ockham was opposed to the idea of universals being "real" objects. A universal is basically a set. In other words, is there a such thing as "people,"(or just Jane, Ted, and Bob)? Ockham says no. Now, there are plenty of conceptions of realism, and denying universals doesn't necessitate denying other "realities" but it sets a precedent and certainly might have some startling implications.

Consider the fact that in number theory, numbers are commonly defined as sets. If you look at a few different groupings of objects, they might all have "Seveness" in common. But for a true empericist, only the objects themselves exist. Or take the philosophy of mind, is the mind a "ghost in the machine"(Ryle) or are there only neurons and synapses? When standing in the middle of campus, do you ask yourself, "where's the university?" And what about moral statements? In what way are so-called obligations "real things" if one is an empericist?

Any one of these philosophers or positions I've mentioned can be the subject of endless debate. I'm not trying to give my opinion on who I think is right, but I'm just pointing out that the tradition from which many point fingers at "postmodernism"(which remember is often confused with anything at all continental) is itself replete with the same "failing" of ignoring or questioning "reality."

I will state my own position on one thing, to demand a clear confession of a "real world" and the potency of science and facts is pointless. Such naive realism doesn't help answer any interesting philosophical questions or even help science.

I know, I still haven't got to any postmodernism yet.

Learning to Drink Beer
Topic: The Miracle Of Sin
Those who leave the church, especially males, should at some point enjoy drinking beer. There are of course, exceptions. But acceptable exceptions do not include reasoning such as, "I just can't stand the taste" or "I like to be in control" or "I don't want church members to think I left the church because of sin, so I'm going to live the 'moral' aspects of the gospel better than the average member!"

The last excuse here I've dealt with in the first post of this series. Sin can play a healthy role in an apostacy. And besides, no Mormon will ever believe an apostate didn't sin horrifically even if all the evidence points otherwise.

A taste for beer is sometimes acquired. But in my case, and in other cases I'm aware of, beer becomes desirable even before the first sip simply because the easier-to-drink options become too sweet. To never desire a beer might indicate one isn't drinking at all. And while there are no "sins" in atheism, it's unfortunate that some would prefer to not enhance their lives with the relaxation and happiness alcohol can bring.

Which brings us to our next point, the "buzz" not being worth the tradeoff of losing control. Losing control of course, is part of enjoying life. Those who wish to never be out of control should refuse to ever have another orgasm. A rewarding experience is often punctuated by loss of control.

To tie it all together then, overcoming the fears and superstitions of Mormonism should lead most apostates to enjoy drinking. And enjoying drinking will almost always lead to beer consumption, for many, beer will become the staple alocholic beverage. The next post in this series will educate the apostate on the various beer choices.

God Is Morality (II)
Topic: All Is Permitted
In my post God is Morality is God is Morality I tried to illustrate some of the dubious moral reasoning popular among Christians. In this post, I'd like to clarify why the title of that post was appropriate - how it is that Christians can appear dumbfounded at the prospect of considering morality without God.  Christians often have difficulty disentangling God from morality similar to the way some have difficulty understanding how paper money holds value if it's not "backed" by gold. Take away the gold and the money is meaningless.  But the reality is, just as money continues to exchange without gold, people still seem to talk about right and wrong without God. And the analogy continues, because just as the value of money has never stayed constant, with or without a gold standard, what is considered right and wrong changes too, independent of the supposition of an Almighty Deity.

But the temptations to continue with the analogy will obscure what I believe to be the key point. Because more important than what can be argued explicitly about the connection between God and morality, is the tacit inseparability in the minds of so many Christians between the very word "God" and the very word "Morality." A lifetime of having a definition reinforced devoid of any kind of abstract thinking about the principle is responsible. The effect is, that even after what has appeared to be a somewhat productive conversation on morals, I'll often leave a perfectly intelligent believer confused because whatever other criteria I can offer in place of God which by the believer's own arguments should account for morals to the same degree God does, doesn't yet find identity with the string of phonemes G-o-d which just happens to trigger some kind of vague but lifelong familiar thought-concept that gives a solidness to the idea of morality.  In other words, in the final analysis, for a vast sweep of unreflective Christians, godless morality, in their minds, doesn't fail rationally, but because the superglue which binds the word "God" and the word "morality" together can't be dissolved, their minds are unable to even conceive of the question.

The following excerpt from Aldous Huxley's Crome Yellow is instructive:

"Look at them, sir," he said, with a motion of his hand towards the wallowing swine. "Rightly is they called pigs."

"Rightly indeed," Mr. Wimbush agreed.

"I am abashed by that man," said Mr. Scogan, as old Rowley plodded off slowly and with dignity. "What wisdom, what judgment, what a sense of values! 'Rightly are they called swine.' Yes. And I wish I could, with as much justice, say, 'Rightly are we called men.'

Posted by gadianton2 at 7:22 PM

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Faith is Bad
Topic: Lectures On Doubt
One of the things believers can't decide on is whether they have faith in their religious beliefs or if their beliefs are more or less an established fact.

In the last Skeptic's Boot Camp installment we learned that believers love to take the position of radical skepticism, denying the possibility of knowing anything, apparently in order to make all knowledge appear as worthless as their own religious beliefs. But what I'd like to know is, what happened to the importance of faith? what happened to being blessed for not seeing yet believing? Why do believers feel they need to make arguments like this?

Under the Christian-backed-into-a-corner problem of induction, since the existence of China "can't be proven either(!)" how can we criticize people who believe in Jesus? A very interesting situation as now not only do Christians admit the weak factual standing of their beliefs by lowering the bar down to about a millimeter above ground level but they also deny the potency of their faith as it's nothing more extraordinary than inferring the existence of China.

Interesting indeed, because we also hear of "Evidence That Demands A Verdict," and Jesus "Lunatic, Liar, or Lord" arguments intended to more or less establish the factual proof of Jesus. In Mormon apologetics you have the similar kind of arguments surrounding the credibility of the 11 witnesses. You'll often hear that the integrity and circumstance of those witnesses are so solid as to meet the highest judicial standards. But if that's true, then why are we also told that Moroni took back the Gold Plates because otherwise we wouldn't need faith? It's like God is up there scratching his beard, "Now let's see, we'll give them 11 of the most credible witnesses who could ever be asked to testify in a court room but it's going to be the difference between faith and absolute knowledge if we let them have the murder weapon!"

Another way of looking at it would be, if we throw out the Bible or throw out the Book of Mormon witnesses, we might as well throw out our entire legal system. But provided we don't throw out our legal system, we still require faith! Because even the most open and shut court ruling doesn't give us absolute certainty! Nothing, of course, could be more absurd. That's the kind of faith that moves molehills not mountains.

So what's exactly wrong with Faith anyway? It is in fact faith to a Christian, that is precisely what's wrong with the beliefs they are opposed to. Christians will accuse atheists of having greater faith than believers for holding positions they believe are dubious like evolution. They'll regularily point out that science is often wrong, rigid, and overconfident -- because it's just a religion too!

There is little choice for Christians then. Either they have to allow all other religions and beliefs to be justified on grounds of faith as they are and secular knowledge to be more objectively established, or they have to appeal to evidence and try and make it look as if their religion offers the best evidential case amongst competitors. And when they go the latter route, they turn to a position of faith that makes faith at best, mundane, and at worst, the achillies heal that brings down everyone else.

All or Nothing
Topic: Lectures On Doubt

One of the tactics of believers is to invoke, typically unwittingly, the problem of induction in the favor of their favorite deity. The problem of induction, to those skeptics out there new to the game, is the problem of making general inferences from finite samples.  It doesn't follow that if one only observes white ducks throughout their life, then there exist only white ducks. As opposed to deductive reasoning which provides certainty.¹ If a black duck is discovered, it follows deductively and immediately that the statement "All ducks are white" is false.  In a previous Skeptic's Boot Camp I gave the example of Newtonian physics. It didn't matter how many observations seemed to prove it, the problem of induction held that it could not be considered ultimately true.  There has never been a satisfactory solution to the problem of induction. 

Many times, when a believer is getting his time piece polished by an atheist, the believer will reach down and revealing all he has left demand, "But how can we know anything at all? Look how often science is wrong!"  At that instant, the atheist can raise his hands in the air victorious. Although, further instruction should be provided for the sake of hoping to improve the world just a little bit.  The obvious route to go from here is to point out that if this reasoning bolsters God, it also bolsters every heinous crime imaginable. The believer should be requested not to object if a pedophile justifies his actions on the same grounds.

Sometimes I'm surprised that even some of the more articulate religious thinkers take this line of argument.  Mormon Egyptologist John Gee has made the point that since Egyptology is controversial, then the Book of Abraham just might be vindicated one day.² Of course, it would be interesting if he'd give any other theory in his field of equal controversy more than five minutes of thoughtful consideration.

Today, James Faulconer, a Mormon BYU philosopher who I respect quite a bit to be honest, made this point on a blog:³

"If a person insists on a certain, rationalist and Enlightenment understanding of intelligibility and reasonableness, then the gospel doesn’t make sense. No religion can be reduced to a rational system with neither remainder nor absence and without contradiction. But, as Godel proved, neither can arithmetic, so that inability on the part of religion isn’t much of a strike against it."

I was pretty surprised by that statement.  It's probably the most verbally sophisticated articulation of this fallacious reasoning I've ever seen. While not invoking induction here, but rather a very obscure subject in logic, the result is the same.  While this isn't a strike against religion, it's also not a strike against Time Cubeism, flat earthism, masochism, or any other insane or destructive belief. I'd bet everything I own that no Enlightenment thinker would have ever expected Mormonism or any other religion to be demonstrated formally complete before it could be considered "reasonable."

If absolute metaphysical certitude isn't achievable, then who dares to criticize any religion as irrational?

1. The problem of induction lurks behind deduction too when considered epistemically.
2. References to Kuhn in Abracadabra, Isaac, and Jacob
3. Times and Seasons
 

Postmodernism
Topic: Postmodernism
Five Quick and Dirty points about Postmodernism

1) Postmodernism isn't naive relativism. Funny enough, this is a typical characterization by both detractors and unimaginative defenders. Postmodernism often champions pluralism, but not necessarily so. Pluralism may or may not fall prey to relativism.  

2) Postmodernism doesn't assert that the "real world," tables, chairs, bullets, and clouds are social constructs. While the idea of a social construction of the world is important, postmodernists are trying to answer different questions than you likely are. It's all too easy to read a postmodernist as answering your questions rather than their questions. I think the Sokal Hoax is telling. I highly doubt any postmodernists have held a view similar to Sokal's thesis that new perspectives in math will one day actually defy gravity.  Postmodernists aren't trying to understanding the physical world as physicists are. The results of postmodernism don't typically have much of a commentary on physical reality.

3) Postmodernism isn't existentialism.  Existentialism rebels against the Cartesian "knowing subject" while substituting other modes of existence for the individual such as "authenticity." But postmodernism leaves the individual far less empowered. Rather than the individual being the lens into the world with its choices and will, postmodernism takes a primary interest in reigning power structures such as language, culture, media, and politics from which the subject is constructed. 

4) Postmodernism isn't just a bunch of gibberish. Granted, pomo's might take obscurity to a whole new level, but have those who so quickly accuse it ever tried to read Kant, Hegel, Carnap or William of Ockham without a commentary? Philosophy is often just, dense.  But more importantly, the western study of philosophy is widely acknowledged to have split a couple hundred years or so ago into America and England's Analytic tradition and the Continental tradition taken up by the rest of Europe from which postmodernism springs.  Since we haven't been studying the stuff here in America postmodernists are commenting on, why should we expect to pick up Simulacra and Simulations and read it like Moby Dick?  After a very basic introduction to Marxism, structuralism, psychoanalysis, phenomenology, and semiology, virtually any postmodernist text will become at least twice as clear.  But make a note, having studied Marx as part of an economics class at the local university doesn't count. You have to understand Marx and Freud on their terms.

5) Postmodernism isn't just any single position or critique. As analytic philosophers disagree all the time, so do postmodernists.  Accusations of "Postmodernism" and "Positivism" alike are generally made with a naivety shared by certain youth in other countries who have asked me while I'm abroad, since I'm American, if I personally know Michael Jordan.

Internet Mormons Will Believe Anything
Topic: I'm Sorry I believe

When I was a Mormon, I believed what the prophets taught. "The wisdom of men is foolishness." Science could come up with whatever "theories" it wanted. But I believed the word of God through his servants, "Whether it is by my own voice, or the voice of my servants, it is the same." I didn't doubt, like Thomas S. Monson taught, I lived by my faith. If God said there was an ark, there was an ark. If he said there was a global flood, there was a global flood. If he said he created Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden, then that's what he did and evolution could take a hike. If God said the 10 tribes were lost, in one body, and would bring their scriptures to exchange with the other tribes, then that's what he meant. If that means the only place for them to live is under the arctic ice or in the interior of the earth, than that's where they live. Let science figure out where they went wrong after the earth has been burned and the scientists are begging for mercy at the judgment bar of God, Jesus, and Joseph Smith. If I was going to believe 'science' and 'reason' every time there was a conflict with my faith, what's the point of being a believer? Why not just be agnostic and believe things as 'science' figures them out?

It's after all, not out of any virtue that one in this situation remains true to baptism by immersion or belief in the temple. Since those things are completely outside the realm of investigation by reason, they are under no direct threat. It's no challenge to believe them, if that's how you'd been brought up to believe. It doesn't take FAITH to believe Jesus died for your sins if the idea has been hammered into your head from the time you were two years old. If somehow, the atonement was in any way refutable by reason or evidence, and if there were as much evidence brought to bear against it as that against a global flood, would you still believe it? It's easy to say "yes" when such a situation is hypothetical only and under no threat of materializing. But my belief, is that for a very large portion of Internet Mormons, all beliefs are negotiable. The ones claimed otherwise, have nothing to do with -- in my opinion -- being "central" to Mormonism or their faith, but rather, being completely outside the realm of reason to investigate.

explanation
just a note if anyone i've given the address is reading this. I originally wasn't intending on making it "public" for a while, as it would seem boring or irrelevant for a few weeks. I have some stuff i've wanted to put online for a while but didn't think it justified a website and i like the blog format because it encourages brevity. unlike some of my friends, i still need training wheels on that one. anyway, once i get through most of that stuff, the topics will seem more normal.

Gödel
Topic: Godel

Most of us have heard about Gödel via Douglass Hofstadter, someone who has been utterly mystified by Hofstadter, or someone who has been inspired by Hofstadter to invent their own Gödel mystery cult.  Being susceptible to mysticism myself I knew I'd need to be strong when I set out to get to the bottom of Gödel a few years back.  It really is a temptation to extrapolate too far. I mean, take possibly the most important result in logic - ever - and combine it with the one subject the general public would have an interest in where Gödel's theorem might have an application, the mind - which just in fact might conceal the greatest mystery ever - and how could the average person not be seduced? Hell, how could the average person not want to be seduced? While I've personally only scratched the surface of mathematical logic, I think I learned enough in my little excursion to benefit others who have become interested in Gödel through popular literature understand his theorem and how to skeptically consider the applications.  I think the best way to present Gödel given the walls I ran into is, after the remainder of this brief introduction, forgo all the context and just spell it out in grossly oversimplified terms. Then I'll add some context, along with considerations to the philosophy of mind.  I'll have some final notes that step through his actual proof and translate the main ideas.

To over-oversimplify, Gödel will show that from no formal system, or rather, list of assumptions and rules for making deductions from those assumptions, can we produce all true statements of the formal system.  In other words, Gödel will discover a statement that is true within a formal system, but this statement can't be derived from the formal system.  Why that's important to math and logic I'll save for later. But a brief note on the importance of the result to the philosophy of mind, since that's what's the interesting part for most people.  It would seem the only analog we have for describing how the brain works, or how the mind works, is a machine. And probably a fast one, like a computer.  But a machine is just the physical embodiment of rules.  So if Kurt Gödel's brain is a machine, then how could he have ever come up with his "Gödel sentence?"

God is Morality is God is Morality
Topic: All Is Permitted

I've found discussions of morality to be in fact the most frustrating of any conversations one can have with a believer.  You'd think after all those years of going to church and reading the scriptures, they could enlighten us poor, lost wretches with some solid insight on at least the one thing that God supposedly can do better than anything else: tell us about right and wrong.  For the record, I don't think all theists hold entirely absurd views on morality. But I do think it's uncommon to run across a believer who has put any effort at all into understanding the meaning and consistency of their moral positions.  And that not only reflects poorly on themselves, but the institutions educating them. I don't think solving the problems within ethics is trivially easy for the atheist at all and I can't say that I have any final answers. What I do think is easy, is responding to most Christians. A couple of these deal with meaning and purpose since those things often get tied up in moral conversations.

Confusing incentives with imperatives

Believer:  Without God, you can do anything you want!

Atheist:  But can't we do anything we want though, with God?

Believer:  Yes but, the wrongdoers without God will ultimately go unpunished.

Atheist:  So if they don't get caught, that makes it ok?

Circular

Believer: If there is no God, who is going to give us rules to live by?

Atheist: I, Gadianton will give you rules to live by.

Believer: But you're not God!

Atheist: True, but God isn't Gadianton.

Incentive cuts both ways

Believer:  Without God, there is no eternal incentive, people will not as readily feed the poor and help the needy.

Atheist:  Without God, there is no eternal incentive.  Without a harem of horny virgins awaiting, young males will not as readily crash planes into buildings.

Criteria confused

Believer:  Historically, the good done in the name of God outweighs the bad!

Atheist: Great! When did you become a utilitarian?

All or nothing

Believer: If I can't live forever with God, what's the point of living at all?

Atheist: If I can't make a million dollars a week, what's the point in having a job?

Objective meaning is absurd

Believer: My life has meaning because God put me here for a purpose. 

Atheist:  Do the lives of pigs have meaning because farmers raise them for beacon?

or

Atheist:  Do the damned find meaning because God predestined them to hell?

or

Atheist: Does your life have more meaning when your parents tell you what you have to do?

Ignorance

Believer: God can look beyond the limits of man's reason and tell us what we should do.

Atheist: Case in point: The Lafferty brothers.

Believer: No! What they did is sick and makes absolutely no sense!

Atheist: God works in mysterious ways, I didn't expect you to understand.